Comparison of intravenous butorphanol vs. tramadol for post-spinal anesthesia shivering: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

Background: Patients often experience shivering after spinal anesthesia. In recent years, more and more studies have compared the efficacy and side effects of intravenous butorphanol and tramadol in the treatment of shivering after spinal anesthesia. Therefore, we conducted a MATE analysis and systematic review to compare the efficacy and side effects of butorphanol vs. tramadol in the treatment of shivering after spinal anesthesia. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to 30 December 2022, comparing the effects of butorphanol vs. tramadol for the control of shivering after spinal anesthesia. Data assessment and collection were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.4 software. Results: Five randomized controlled trials involving 302 adult patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that butorphanol has a shorter time to cease shivering (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) [-0.89, -0.17], P = 0.004, I2 = 0%), a higher rate of cessation of shivering within 1 min after administering the study drugs (relative risk (RR), 1.69; 95% CI [1.15,2.48], P = 0.008, I2 = 0%), and higher incidences of sedation (RR, 2.98; 95% CI [2.11, 4.21], P <0.00001, I2 = 0%), compared with tramadol. Conclusion: In the treatment of shivering after spinal anesthesia, butorphanol has a shorter onset time and a higher rate of cessation of shivering within 1 min after the study drugs were administered than tramadol. Therefore, butorphanol is superior to tramadol in the treatment of shivering after spinal anesthesia.

[Degradation of 2, 4-D by combined catalytic dechlorination and biological oxidation].

In this paper, Pd/Fe nanoparticles were used to degrade 2,4-D. Then the resulted solution of 2,4-D dechlorination was biological oxidized by activated sludge. And the effects of initial pH, activated sludge volume, initial contaminant concentration and temperature on the removal of PA were studied. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was used to study microbial community structure. And High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was employed to determine and analyze the degradation process of target pollutant. The conclusions can be summarized as follows: (1) Pd/Fe can degrade 2,4-D efficiently, 2-CPA was the intermediate product, and the end product was PA. (2) Compared with 2,4-D, the dechlorination product PA has lower biological toxicity, and can be more easily degraded by activated sludges. (3) pH = 7, 50 mL activated sludge/200 mL solution, PA initial concentration of 14. 6 mg L-1 and 30°C favored the PA removal. Under suitable conditions, the removal rate of PA can reach to 84. 3% after 96 hours.

[Catalytic dechlorination of 2, 4-D in aqueous solution by Fe3O4-stabilized nanoscale Pd/Fe].

Fe3O4-stabilized nanoscale Pd/Fe was used to dechlorinate 2,4-D in aqueous solution and achieved high dechlorination efficiency. The Fe3O4 dosage, pH, Pd loading, temperature and stirring rate were important factors for dechlorination of 2,4-D. The removal rate of 2,4-D increased with the increase of Fe3O4, dosage, and it reached 93.5% after 210 min when the Fe3O4 dosage was 4.0 g x L(-1), while only 47.3% 2,4-D was transformed using bare nanoscale Pd/Fe. Low pH enhanced dechlorination and 2,4-D was almost completely dechlorinated within 110 min when the pH ranged from 2.6 to 4.1. The dechlorination efficiency was significantly influenced by Pd loading. After 210 min, the different Pd loading, 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75%, resulted in 2,4-D reduction efficiency of 51.4%, 93.5% and 99.9%, respectively. The removal rate was higher than 90.0% after 210 min in the temperature range of 16.5 degrees C to 30.0 degrees C, while it decreased significantly when the temperature rose to 35.0 and 40.0 degrees C. The dechlorination efficiency was improved with the increasing stirring rate. Fe3O4 prevented the aggregation of nanoscale Pd/Fe particles. In addition, Fe3O4 acted as a medium to promote the electron transfer from Fe(0) to H+ and 2,4-D, and thus enhanced the reductive dechlorination of 2,4-D.